What is SQL injection

SQL injection is a code injection technique, used to attack data-driven applications, in which nefarious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker).^[1] SQL injection must exploit a security vulnerabilityin an application's software, for example, when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and unexpectedly executed. SQL injection is mostly known as an attack vector for websites but can be used to attack any type of SQL database.

SQL injection attacks allow attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server.

What is CSRF

CSRF is an attack that tricks the victim into submitting a malicious request. It inherits the identity and privileges of the victim to perform an undesired function on the victim's behalf. For most sites, browser requests automatically include any credentials associated with the site, such as the user's session cookie, IP address, Windows domain credentials, and so forth. Therefore, if the user is currently authenticated to the site, the site will have no way to distinguish between the forged request sent by the victim and a legitimate request sent by the victim.

CSRF attacks target functionality that causes a state change on the server, such as changing the victim's email address or password, or purchasing something. Forcing the victim to retrieve data doesn't benefit an attacker because the attacker doesn't receive the response, the victim does. As such, CSRF attacks target state-changing requests.

It's sometimes possible to store the CSRF attack on the vulnerable site itself. Such vulnerabilities are called "stored CSRF flaws". This can be accomplished by simply storing an IMG or IFRAME tag in a field that accepts HTML, or by a more complex cross-site scripting attack. If the attack can store a CSRF attack in the site, the severity of the attack is amplified. In particular, the likelihood is increased because the victim is more likely to view the page containing the attack than some random page on the Internet. The likelihood is also increased because the victim is sure to be authenticated to the site already.

Difference between hibernate first level cache and second level cache

First level cache --- Session scope
Second level cache ---- SessionFactory scope 

Who is General Bipin Rawat

GENERAL BIPIN RAWAT, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, ADC

1.      General Bipin Rawat, is an alumnus of St. Edward School, Shimla, and the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla; he was commissioned to the Fifth Bn, the Eleventh Gorkha Rifles of the Indian Army in December 1978, from IMA, Dehradun, where he was awarded the ‘Sword of Honour’. The officer has vast experience in operations across a wide spectrum of conflict and terrain profiles. He commanded an Infantry battalion, along the Line of Actual Control in the Eastern Sector; a Rashtriya Rifles Sector; an Infantry Division in the Kashmir Valley; and, a Corps in the North East. The officer also commanded a Multinational Brigade, in a Chapter VII mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). As an Army Cdr, he commanded a theatre of ops along the Western Front.

2.      General Rawat’s staff and instructional assignments include, Instructional tenure at IMA Dehradun; General Staff Officer, at the Military Operations Directorate; Logistics staff officer of a Division in Central India; Colonel Military Secretary and Deputy Military Secretary in the Military Secretary’s Branch; and Senior Instructor, Junior Command Wing. He has been Major General General Staff of the Eastern Theatre, and the Vice Chief of the Army Staff.

3.      General Bipin Rawat is a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, the Higher Command and National Defence College courses and, has attended the Command and General Staff Course at Fort Leavenworth, USA. The officer during the span of 4 decades of service in uniform has been awarded for gallantry and distinguished service with the UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, ADC; COAS Commendation on two occasions and the Army Commander’s Commendation. Whilst serving with the United Nations, he was twice awarded the Force Commander’s Commendation.

4.      Academically inclined, the General has authored numerous articles on ‘National Security’ and ‘Leadership’ which have been published in various journals and publications. He was awarded M. Phil in Defence Studies from Madras University, and holds two Diplomas, in Management and Computer Studies respectively. General Bipin Rawat completed his research on military media strategic studies and was awarded Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D) from Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.

5.      The General officer assumed the appointment of the Chief of the Army Staff on 31 Dec 2016. 6.  On 30 December 2019, he was appointed as the first Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of India and assumed office from 1 January 2020

who is General Dalbir Singh

GENERAL DALBIR SINGH, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC

General Dalbir Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC, was commissioned into 4/5 GR(FF) in Jun 1974. He is an alumnus of Sainik School, Chittorgarhand the National Defence Academy.

In a distinguished military career, spanning four decades, he has tenanted critical Command and Staff and Instructional appointments. He was a Company Commander in Operation PAWAN in Sri Lanka, raised and commanded a Rashtriya Rifles Battalion in Nagaland besides commanding an Infantry Brigade and a Mountain Division in Jammu & Kashmir. He has commanded 3 Corps and Eastern Command.

The General has also held the appointments of IG SFF, Cabinet Secretariat and was the ‘Vice Chief of the Army Staff’ from 01 Jan 14.

The General is the Colonel of 5 GR (FF) and the President Gorkha Brigade.

Besides holding two Masters Degrees one each in Management Studies and Strategic Studies the General is also qualified in the Executive Course in USA and Senior Mission Leaders Course in UN.

The General is a keen sportsman and has excelled in Athletics and Riding

Who is General Bikram Singh

General Bikram Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC

General Bikram Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC is an alumnus of Punjab Public School, Nabha. He was commissioned into The Sikh Light Infantry in March 1972.

During his military career spanning over forty years, the General has held various high profile Command and Staff appointments. He has commanded an Infantry Battalion in the North East and on the Line of Control in J&K, a RR Sector and an Infantry Division in Northern Command. He has commanded 15 Corps and Eastern Command. He has served in three UN Peace Keeping Missions. 

The General has also held important staff appointments at Army Headquarters, which include tenures in Military Operations, Perspective Planning and Staff Duties. 

Besides holding two Masters Degrees from India, he also holds a Masters Degree in Strategic Defence Studies from the USA.

The General is an avid sportsman. Cricket, Athletics and Hockey are his favourite games.

who is General VK Singh

General Vijay Kumar Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC was a third generation officer of the RAJPUT Regiment. An alumnus of Birla Public School, Pilani and National Defence Academy, the General was commissioned in 2 RAJPUT (KALI CHINDI) in 1970 and commanded the same battalion with distinction from June 1991 to May 1994.

General Singh had seen action in the liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971 and Operation Pawan in Sri Lanka in 1987 where he was awarded Yudh Seva Medal. He has vast operational experience in Counter Insurgency Operations, LC, LAC and HAA environment. He had had an illustrious career with outstanding performance on all the courses that he has attended. He is a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington with a competitive vacancy. He was also a graduate of US Army Rangers Course at Fort Benning, USA and US Army War College, Carlisle.

The General has wide-ranging experience of various high profile commands, staff and instructional appointments. He commanded his battalion in an active LC environment and brigade in an operationally sensitive area. While in command of a Counter Insurgency Force in J&K, he was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal for his distinguished service as General Officer Commanding. On staff, he had served in MO Directorate at Army HQ, Col GS of an Infantry Division and BGS of a Corps during OP PARAKRAM. The General Officer had also commanded the Prestigious Strike Corps in Western Sector, before taking over the command of the Eastern Army in March 2008. He had been an instructor at Infantry School, Mhow and Chief Instructor at JLW (Commando Wing) at Belgaum. He had also served as an Instructor at HQ IMTRAT. The General Officer had also been awarded with the Param Vishisht Seva Medal by the President of India in recognition of his exceptional and distinguished services on the eve of Republic Day 2009.

The General is also a keen sportsman and plays almost all troop games as well as Tennis, Badminton and Golf. His hobbies include Trekking and Photography.

The General Officer had taken over as the Chief of the Army Staff on 31 Mar 2010 and retired on 31 May 2012.

who is General Deepak Kapoor

1. General Deepak Kapoor, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC was commissioned from the Indian Military Academy into the Indian Army and the Regiment of Artillery on 11 June 1967. He took over as the Chief of Army Staff on 30 September 2007 and as Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee on 31 August 2009.

2. In a distinguished career spanning over four decades, he has held important command and staff appointments. The General Officer has taken active part in the Indo-Pak War of 1971 in the operations for Liberation of Bangladesh. As Commanding Officer of 74 Medium Regiment he oversaw its conversion from heavy mortars to medium guns. His performance as Chief Operations Officer for all United Nations forces deployed in Somalia was recognized by the award of the Vishisht Seva Medal.

3. Besides commanding a Line of Control Mountain Brigade in Jammu & Kashmir for which he was awarded the Sena Medal, he has steered an Infantry Division which is part of the Strike Corps, during mobilization of Indian Army on the Western borders in Operation PARAKRAM. The General Officer was conferred the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal for his inspiring command of a Corps deployed on the Indo-China border in the North East.

4. On promotion as Army Commander, he initially commanded the Army Training Command, and then the Northern Command. His strategic guidance and astute handling led to stabilization of the situation in the State of Jammu & Kashmir; which was recognized by the award of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal. Prior to his present appointment, he has served as Vice Chief of Army Staff. He has been appointed Honorary ADC to the Honorable President of India.

5. The General Officer has schooled at Sainik School, Kunjpura and is an alumnus of National Defence Academy, Defence Services Staff College and National Defence College. He has an abiding interest in self education, self improvement and acquisition of knowledge. He is an excellent sportsman and has played hockey, basketball, tennis and golf at various levels. The General officer retired on 30 Mar 10.

who is General JJ Singh

1.     General (Retd) Joginder Jaswant Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VSM  was born on 17 Sep 1945 in Bahawalpur (now in Pakistan). An alumnus of the National Defence Academy and was commissioned in The 9 MARATHA Light Infantry on 02 Aug 1964. 2.     The General Officer is a third generation soldier; an ace shooter and a mountaineer. During his tenures with his battalions, he has served in Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim. During one of these tenure he was wounded in a counter insurgency operations. Later, he was India's first Defence Attache to Algeria (1987-1990).

3.     After his return from Algeria, the General officer commanded a Mountain Brigade in Baramulla Sector, Jammu & Kashmir, with the insurgency at its peak, in 1991-92. He attended the National Defence College in 1993 and later commanded  Infantry Division from 1996 to 1998. 4.     General J J Singh commanded Corps  and in Jan 2003, he was appointed as the General Officer Commanding - in - Chief of the Army Training Command (ARTRAC). The General officer took over as Army Commander Western Command in Feb 2004. 5.     On 31st Jan 2005, General Joginder Jaswant Singh assumed the office of Chief of Army Staff. As the Chief of Army Staff, it was his constant endeavour to modernise the Army, enhance its combat potential and reach, as also strengthen the welfare of all ranks and their families. The General officer retired on 30 Sep 07 and is presently the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh.

who is General NC Vij

1.     General NC Vij, PVSM,UYSM, AVSM (Retd) passed out in December 1962 from the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun and was commissioned into 4 Dogra.  During the 1971 Indo-Pak war, his company was the first one to occupy the 'Chicken Neck' and also captured the 'Chhote Chak'  post of Pakistan in Miran Sahib Sector. He became the Colonel of the Dogra Regiment and Dogra Scouts on 1st  April 2002 and continued to hold that office till his retirement in Jan 2005. 2.     General Vij commanded Mountain Brigade; Infantry Division (RAPID); two Corps and Southern Command. He was Deputy Director General of Perspective Planning.

3.     He was decorated with the AVSM in 1996, and PVSM while he was the General Officer Commanding Corps. He was conferred with an Uttam Yudh Seva Medal (UYSM) while he was serving as Director General Military Operations during Operation Vijay.    4.     On 31st December 2002, General N C Vij, took over as the Chief of the Army Staff. 5.     General Nirmal Chander Vij, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM (Retired) is presently Honorary Colonel of the Dogra Regiment & Dogra Scouts and also Vice Chairman of National Disaster Management Authority, Govt of India.

who is General S Padmanabhan

1.     Born on 5th Dec 1940, General S Padmanabhan was commissioned in the Regiment of Artillery on 13th Dec 1959.   He served as Instructor Gunnery at School of Artillery , Deolali and attended the Staff Course at DSSC, Wellington in 1973.  He commanded an Independent Light Battery from Aug 1975 to Jul 1976, and then commanded a Mountain Regiment from Sep 1977 to Mar 1980.  He served as Colonel General Staff of a Mountain Division from Jan 1983 to May 1985 and was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal. 2.     The General Officer commanded an Independent Artillery Brigade and a Mountain Brigade before attending the prestigious NDC course at Delhi .  He commanded an Infantry Brigade from Dec 1988 to Feb 1991 at Ranchi and Punjab and then was appointed as General Officer Commanding of an Infantry Division in Punjab from Mar 1991 to Aug 1992.  He served as Chief of Staff, Corps from Sep 1992 to Jun 1993 and commanded Corps from Jul 1993 to Feb 1995 where he was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM).  He held the appointment of Director General Military Intelligence (DGMI) after the successful culmination of which he took over the challenging command of the Northern Army followed by Southern Army before assuming command of the Indian Army on 1st Oct 2000.

3.     The General Officer is a prolific writer and has authored two books titled 'The Writing on the Wall, India Checkmates America-2017' and 'A General Speaks'. The General presently resides in Chennai.

who is General VP Malik

1.     General VP Malik was born on 1st Nov 1939 at Dera Ismail Khan, NWFP, now in Pakistan . Alumni of the National Defence Academy , Khadakwasla and the Indian Military Academy , Dehradun, he was commissioned into 3 SIKH LI on 7th Jun 1959. He commanded Infantry Brigade in Jammu & Kashmir where he was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM). 2.     In Dec 1989, he was appointed General Officer Commanding, Mountain Division and in Aug 1992, he assumed command of Corps in Punjab, where he oversaw anti-militancy operations in the state.

3.     In Jul 1995, he was appointed General Officer Commanding -in- Chief Southern Command before moving to Army Headquarters as Vice Chief of Army Staff in August 1996.  He was decorated with the Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) in 1996.  4.     He assumed the charge of Indian Army as the 19th Chief of Army Staff on 1st Oct 1997. Concurrently with the appointment, he took over as Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee of India with effect from 1st Jan 1999.  He coordinated and oversaw the planning and execution of Operation Vijay to successfully defeat Pakistan's attempted intrusion in Kargil sector during May to Jul 1999.   5.     He was felicitated with the 'Excellence in Leadership' award by the Atur Foundation, Pune and also the `Distinguished Fellowship' of the Institute of Directors, New Delhi in 1999. The Doon Citizens' Council gave him the 'Pride of the Nation' award in Jul 2000.  He was Colonel of the Sikh Light Infantry from 1990 to 1998, and continues to be Honorary Colonel of the Regiment for life.   6.     General V P Malik retired on 30th Sep 2000, and has settled in Panchkula, near Chandigarh .

who is General S Roy Chowdhury

1.     General S Roy Chowdhury, PVSM, ADC was born on 6th September 1937 at Calcutta and was educated at Calcutta and Mussorie. He joined the Joint Services Wing, Dehradun in 1953 and was commissioned into 20 Lancers on 9th June 1957. He participated in the Indo-Pak conflict in 1965 and 1971 including operations for the liberation of Bangladesh. 2.     He commanded an Independent Armoured Brigade from December 1980 to July 1983 and Armoured Division from May 1988 to May 1990. He subsequently commanded Corps in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991-92. 3.     He is a graduate of Defence Services Staff College and held several staff andinstructional appointments, including that of Director General Combat Vehicle dealing with the Indian Main Battle Tank 'Arjun'.

4.     The General Officer was awarded Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) for distinguished service and valuable contribution. He took over as General Officer Commanding - in - Chief, Army Training Command (ARTRAC) in August 1992, and was the Chief of Army Staff from 22nd Nov 94 to 30th Sep 97. 5.     Post retirement the General has taken to active politics. As a member of the Rajya Sabha he has highlighted and taken up Defence related issues with great passion and vigour in the Parliament.

who is General BC Joshi

1.     Commissioned in Dec 1954 in the Armoured Corps, General BC Joshi has held important command and staff appointments which include staff officer in the UN Force in Gaza , Brigadier General Staff in a Corps Headquarters and Military Advisor in Australia from May 1973 to October 1976. He commanded a Corps in the Eastern Sector and was also the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command.   2.     General Joshi commanded an Armoured Regiment in the Western Sector during the 1971 Indo-Pak operations. He has also commanded an Independent Armoured Brigade and an Infantry Division.

3.     General Joshi also held the appointment of Additional Director General of Perspective Planning (ADG PP) and Director General Military Operations (DGMO) at the Army Headquarters. He had three tenures as an Instructor in the Armoured Corps Centre and School Ahmednagar and was also a Directing Staff in the College of Combat , Mhow.   4.     General  B C Joshi  has been  a  recipient  of  Param  Vishisht  Seva Medal (PVSM)  and  the  Ati Vishisht Seva  Medal (AVSM)  for  distinguished  service  of  the  most exceptional order.   5.     The General officer died in harness on 19th Nov 1994

who is General SF Rodrigues

1.     Born on 19th Sep 1933 in Bombay, he was educated at St Xavier's High School, Bombay.  He joined the Joint Services Wing of the Indian Military Academy in 1949 and was commissioned in Dec 1952 into the Regiment of Artillery. In 1972, he was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM) for distinguished service. He commanded a Mountain Brigade in high altitude sector from 1975 to 1977 and then attended the 1978 Course at Royal College of Defence Studies in the UK.  Later he commanded a Division also in a high altitude area.  He was the Chief of Staff of a Corps from 1983 to Sep 1985, and then took over as Director General Military Training (DGMT) post.  He also took over Command of a Corps in the Northern Sector.

2.     He was Vice Chief of Army Staff  from Nov 1987 to Apr 1989 and then General Officer Commanding in Chief of Central & Western Commands from Apr 1989 to Oct 1989 and from 1st Nov 89 to 30th Jun 1990 respectively. He became the Chief of Army Staff in 1990 and retired on 30th Jun 1993.    3.     The   General was Director of the International Centre, Goa for nearly six years after retirement.  He served two terms in the National Security Advisory Board.  He has been continuously engaged in social and literary pursuits and has also been delivering talks on strategic issues.  He was on the Executive Council of Goa University for seven years and in the Managing Committee of the Goa Chamber of Commerce.  He is also a long standing Member of the Goa Planning Board and in the Board of Governors of the Goa Institute of Management.  General SF Rodrigues, PVSM, VSM was appointed as the Governor of Punjab and Administrator, Union Territory, Chandigarh on 8th Nov 2004.

who is General VN Sharma

1.     General VN Sharma belongs to a distinguished military family that has served the Armed Forces for two generations and produced three Generals. He is the younger brother of late Major Som Nath Sharma, PVC, who was awarded Independent India's first posthumous Param Vir Chakra (PVC) on 3rd   Nov 47 for the battle of Badgam in Kashmir.    2.     General Sharma was educated at Sherwood College, Nainital and Prince of Wales' Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehradun. He joined the 5th Regular Course at the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun and was commissioned on 04 Jun 1950 into the 16 Light Cavalry.  As a Major he saw action during the 1965 Indo-Pak War in the Lahore Sector. He commanded Armoured Regiment and held important staff and instructional appointments.

3.      On promotion to the rank of Brigadier, he commanded a Mountain Brigade in an insurgency affected area and was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM) in 1977 for distinguished service. Later he commanded an Armoured Brigade in the Rajasthan desert.   4.      In 1980, he was elevated to Major General and commanded a Mountain Division in the Western Sector. He was elevated to Lieutenant General and took over command of a Corps in the Western Sector in 1984 and was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) for rendering distinguished service of the most exceptional order.   5.      General Sharma took over as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command, on 1st Jun 87. He was appointed Honorary Army ADC to the President on 25th Jul 87. General Sharma served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 30th Jun 88 to 30th Jun 90.

who is General K Sundarji

1.     General Sundarji was born on 30th Apr 1928 and was Commissioned into 2 MAHAR in April 1946. 2.     A graduate of Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) at Wellington he also attended the General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth (USA) in 1967-68 and subsequently the Senior Officers Preventive Maintenance Course at Fort Knox (USA). He was also a graduate of NDC, New Delhi .

3.     General Sundarji held a number of coveted staff and instructional appointments with distinction. He was Brigade Major of an Indian Independent Brigade Group Congo in 1962-63 as part of UN Peace Keeping Force where he was awarded Mentioned - in - Despatches and Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of a Corps in Eastern Sector. 4.     He commanded a mountain Brigade, an Infantry Division, an Armoured Division and a Corps. He was the Commandant, College of Combat and later General Officer Commanding - in - Chief, Western Command. He was Vice Chief of Army Staff prior to reaching the pinnacle of his career as COAS in 1986. 5.     General Sundarji conducted 'Operation Brasstacks' in Rajasthan in Dec 1986 to test new concept of mobilisation with precision. He was also awarded the PVSM in 1978 in recognition of his distinguished service of the most exception order. He passed away on 8th Feb 1999.

who is General AS Vaidya

1.     Born on 27th January 1926, General AS Vaidya was commissioned in the Armoured Corps in 1945 and saw battle during the Second World War. During Indo-Pak war of 1965 as Commandant, of an Armoured Regiment in the Khemkaran Sector, he was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) for conspicuous bravery.  In 1971 as Brigade Commander in Shakargarh Sector, he again displayed gallantry and leadership qualities of a very high order and was awarded a Bar to the Maha Vir Chakra (MVC). 2.     Elevated to the rank of Major General in 1973, he held the appointments of Director Military Operations, Chief of Staff at Headquarters Command and as Commandant Armoured Corps Centre and School.

3.     Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in January 1980, he held the appointment of Master General of Ordnance and later as General Officer Commanding of a Corps before being elevated to the appointment of General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Eastern Command in Jun 1981.  His tackling of the insurgency problems in his command has been particularly praiseworthy.  He was awarded Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) in 1983 for distinguished service of the   most exceptional order.   4.     General  Vaidya  took over  as  Chief  of  the  Army  Staff  from  1st   August 1983 to 31st  January 1986.  An outstanding military leader, General Vaidya gave the Indian Army a very sound leadership and brought with him an aura of gallantry and valour and remarkable reservoir of combat experience befitting the head of the Army.  He had the distinction of being among the most decorated soldiers in the Defence Services of the country. He passed away on 10th  Aug 1986

who is General KV Krishna Rao

1.     Born on 16th Jul 1923, General KV Krishna Rao was commissioned into the Mahar Regiment on 9th Aug 1942. He commanded a brigade in Ladakh Sector during the 1965 war. 2.     During 1969 -70, the General commanded a Mountain Division in Jammu . After the 1971 war with Pakistan , he was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) for his most laudable command of the Mountain Division. In 1974, he took over a Corps in Jammu and was later appointed Deputy Chief of Army Staff in 1978. Subsequently he served as General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Western Command in 1979. General Rao attained the ultimate in his military career when he became Chief of Army Staff in 1981.

3.     General KV Krishna Rao was the Colonel of the Mahar Regiment from June 1968 to June 1983. After his retirement in July 1983, General Rao served as Governor of Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura from June 1984 to 1989 and subsequently as Governor of Jammu and Kashmir till January 1990. Presently, he is the Honorary Colonel of the Mahar Regiment.

who is General OP Malhotra

1.     Born in August 1922, General Malhotra was commissioned into the Regiment of Artillery in November 1941.  He commanded different Artillery Regiments between November 1950 and July 1961, besides being an instructor at the Defence Service Staff College , Wellington . He was the Military Attache at the Indian Embassy in Moscow for over three years from June 1962. 


2.     He commanded an Artillery Brigade from August 1965 to January 1966 and there after took over a Mountain Brigade. He was promoted as Major General in September 1967 and commanded an Infantry Division for two years.  He was posted as the Chief of Staff in a Corps Headquarters in the Eastern Sector in September 1969 till May 1972, when he took over a Corps in the Western Sector. In 1974, General Malhotra was appointed General Officer Commanding - in - chief Southern Command and in Jan 1977, he was appointed as the Vice Chief of the Army Staff.  General OP Malhotra, assumed the office of the Chief of the Army Staff in June 1978.


3.     After completing his three year tenure as the Chief of Army Staff, he was appointed as the Indian Ambassador to Indonesia in March 1982 and continued in that appointment for three years.  In December 1990, he was appointed as the Governor of Punjab, a post he held till August 1991 when he resigned from this assignment. He was the President of the Equestrian Federation of India for nearly nine years. In 1994, the University of Jammu conferred the Degree of Doctor of Letters (Honours Causa) upon him. 

who is General TN Raina

1.     Commissioned as an Officer in The Kumaon Regiment on 12th Apr 1942, he took part in World War II (Burma Campaign) and was Mentioned -in- Despatches for gallentry. He commanded an Infantry Brigade from 1959 to 1962 during INDO-CHINA Conflict-1962 and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) for showing great courage and leadership qualities in organizing the defences of Chushul. He later commanded Infantry Division and held higher staff appointments. 2.     He was Deputy Adjutant General at Army Headquarters. He commanded a Corps in 1971 during liberation of Bangladesh. He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1971.  He was General Officer Commanding-in- Chief of Western Command from 1974 to 1975.  He was Chief of the Army Staff from 1st Jun 1975 to 31st May 1978.  He was Colonel of the Kumaon and Naga Regiments from 16th May 1971 to 31st May 1978.

3.     He was appointed Indian High Commissioner to Canada in Feb 1979 after his retirement, where on 19th May 1980 he died in Ottawa (Canada).

Photo of Ambedhkar

photo of Periyar

photo of general secretary of dmk party Anbalagan